采后UV-C处理对树莓贮藏保鲜效果的影响

以"September"树莓果实为材料,采用0.43、2.15、4.3和6.45 kJ/m2的UV-C进行辐照处理,并在4℃下贮藏,通过测定贮藏期间果实腐烂指数、失重率、可溶性固形物含量、总酚含量和抗氧化能力,研究UV-C处理对树莓果实保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,UV-C处理能够显著抑制果实腐烂指数、失重率的上升,减缓果实可溶性固形物含量、总酚含量的下降,增强果实的抗氧化能力,维持果实较好的品质。在4个UV-C处理剂量中,4.3 kJ/m2UV-C处理组果实的腐烂指数、失重率最低,可溶性固形物含量和总酚含量最高,抗氧化能力最强。适宜剂量的UV-C处理(4.3 kJ/m2)能维持树莓果实采后品质,增强抗性,延缓衰老。     

有机肥对土壤特性及农产品产量和品质影响研究进展

施用有机肥是农业生产的重要措施,对绿色农业发展起到积极作用,而且越来越广泛施用。本文介绍了目前有机肥基本概况,重点综述了有机肥对提高土壤肥力、提高作物产量和品质、促进养分利用以及对病虫害发生影响等方面研究的最新进展,分析了当前有机肥施用对耕地质量和农产品安全风险、施肥效率低、以及有机肥品种研发不足、相关质量标准滞后等问题,并对当前有机肥推广应用的形势和发展前景进行了分析和展望。     

崎岖山地环境履带机器人降维变系数控制方法研究

针对崎岖山地环境下自走式履带机器人自走姿态波动大、跟踪精度低等问题,研究了三维崎岖路面履带机器人控制方法。通过分析机器人在二维平整路面与三维崎岖路面的运动学模型,建立了降维运动学几何模型;设计了一种基于降维变系数的滑模控制方法,实现三维崎岖路面履带机器人的运动控制,并进行了平整路面与崎岖路面的路径跟踪仿真与试验。仿真结果表明,平整路面仿真中,行驶方向误差逐渐减小并趋近于0,侧向位置误差在±0. 2 m内波动,并可在1 s内完成姿态调整;崎岖路面仿真中,三轴位置误差均控制在±0. 1 m范围内,同样可在1 s内完成姿态调整。路径跟踪田间试验结果表明,平整路面和崎岖路面机器人跟踪稳定后的横向误差分别为-2. 9～8. 8 cm、-14. 3～21. 5 cm,姿态误差分别控制在±2°、±5°内,能够满足实际跟踪需求。     

流动分析仪快速测定土壤全磷含量

土壤经碱熔法消解，对连续流动分析仪和钼锑抗比色法所测土壤全磷含量进行比较分析，探讨流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷含量的可行性。结果表明，两种方法测定结果经 t检验，双尾 P(T ≤t)=0.5254，无显著性差异。回归直线方程y(流动分析仪-P)=1.0606x(钼锑抗比色法-P)-0.0191， R=0.9900。流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷的加标回收率在 98.09%～ 102.89%，3个样品重复测定 5次的相对标准偏差为 1.20%～ 2.07%。流动分析仪精密度与准确性高，试剂用量少，检测效率高，适用于批量土壤全磷的检测分析。     

小冠开心形和细型主干形‘玉露香’梨光能截获与光合作用差异

小冠开心形和细型主干形是黄土高原梨树生产中的主要树形模式。为阐述这两种树形对冠层光能截获和叶片光合功能的影响，以山西芮城县4年生的‘玉露香’梨为试材，2017年和2018年连续两年测定了冠层截获的光合有效辐射PAR、叶片光合的光响应特性、荧光淬灭动力学特性以及光午休期间叶片的热耗散特性和光呼吸。结果表明：小冠开心形冠层不同方位和不同时刻截获的PAR均高于细型主干形，平均提高47.6%；与细型主干形相比，小冠开心形叶片光响应的最大净光合速率Pnmax,p与光饱和点LSP显著升高；光合碳同化过程的3个限制因子中，磷酸丙糖利用速率Vtpu对冠层光环境变化最敏感。正午强光胁迫下，小冠开心形叶片光呼吸速率Pr与总光合速率Pg的比例（Pr/Pg）比细型主干形叶片提高58.5%，NPQ中可恢复组分r(qE)提高了8.9%，而不可恢复组分r(qI)降低了75.0%。两种树形相比，小冠开心形梨树冠层可截获更多的光能，叶片的光合能力更强，强光胁迫时能够通过更高效的热耗散和光呼吸进行自我保护，可作为黄土高原产区梨树适宜树形。     

Seaweed polysaccharide mitigates intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli through NF-κB pathway suppression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanism of seaweed polysaccharide (SWP) on intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by E. coli in an IPEC-J2 model. A preliminary study was done to screen optimum SWP concentrations by cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and proliferation evaluation. The regular study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of SWP against E. coli challenge via the analysis of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), tight junction proteins, NF-κB signalling pathway, proinflammatory cytokines and the E. coli adhesion and invasion. Our results show that 4 h E. coli challenge down-regulated tight junction proteins expression, decreased TEER, activated NF-κB signalling pathway and increased proinflammatory response, which indicates that the E. coli infection model was well-established. Pre-treatment with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h alleviated the 4 h E. coli -induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, as evidenced by the up-regulated expression of Occludin, Claudin-1 and ZO-1 at both mRNA and protein level and the increased TEER of IPEC-J2 cells. Pre-incubation with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway by 4 h E. coli challenge, including the decreased mRNA expression of TLR-4, MyD88, IκBα, p-65, as well as the reduced ratio of protein expression of p-p65/p65. Also, pre-treatment with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h decreased proinflammatory response (IL-6 and TNF-α) induced by 4 h E. coli challenge and decreased the E. coli adhesion and invasion. In conclusion, SWP mitigated intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by E. coli through NF-κB pathway in IPEC-J2 cells and 240 μg/ml SWP exhibited better effect. Our results also provide a fundamental basis for SWP in reducing post-weaning diarrhoea of weaned piglets, especially under E. coli -infected or in-feed antibiotic-free conditions.     

盐胁迫对膜荚黄芪种子萌发的影响

为了保护并开发膜荚黄芪,同时改良盐碱地,研究了3种不同盐（中性盐NaCl、碱性盐Na₂CO₃和复盐）对膜荚黄芪种子发芽率、发芽势、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和相对电导率的影响。结果表明,不同盐胁迫对膜荚黄芪种子的影响不同,随着盐浓度的增加,黄芪种子的发芽率和发芽势逐渐降低;低浓度的NaCl和复盐可提高抗氧化酶活性,Na₂CO₃处理随着其浓度增加对抗氧化酶活性的抑制作用增强;各处理均增大了丙二醛含量和相对电导率;NaCl和复盐处理降低了膜荚黄芪种子可溶性蛋白含量,Na₂CO₃处理的可溶性蛋白含量随盐浓度增加而增加,综合各项指标可得同等盐浓度条件下胁迫作用由强到弱为Na₂CO₃>NaCl>复盐。     

6种梨果实对轮纹病的抗性差异及4种杀菌剂对轮纹病菌的抑菌作用

由葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea引起的梨轮纹病是梨生产中重要的真菌性病害,主要造成树势早衰和果实腐烂,严重影响梨的产量和品质。本研究选取市售的6个品种的梨果实,用分离自梨枝干的轮纹病菌进行了离体果实接种,测定不同品种果实对梨轮纹病的抗性差异。接种后6 d,按照病斑直径从大到小的顺序,品种排序依次为‘丰水梨’‘南果梨’‘库尔勒香梨’‘皇冠梨’‘雪花梨’‘砀山酥梨’,随病斑减小抗性依次增强。测定了4种杀菌剂对梨轮纹病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,结果表明,咯菌腈、氟啶胺和咪鲜胺对梨轮纹病菌的菌丝生长有很强的抑制作用,EC_(50)分别为0.010 3、0.022 4μg/mL和0.034 3μg/mL;代森锰锌的EC_(50)为3.860 7μg/mL,也有较好的抑菌效果。本试验结果为了解不同梨品种对轮纹病的抗性及杀菌剂的选用提供了依据,具有一定的指导意义。     

A Lymphoid Organ Specific Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor from Litopenaeus vannamei Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activities

Different shrimp species are known to possess apparent distinct resistance to different pathogens in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this finding still remains unknown. One kind of important antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Here, we reported a newly identified ALF from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and compared the immune function with its counterpart in the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ALF, designated as LvALF8, was specifically expressed in the lymphoid organ of L. vannamei. The expression level of LvALF8 was apparently changed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenges. The synthetic LBD peptide of LvALF8 (LvALF8-LBD) showed strong antibacterial activities against most tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. LvALF8-LBD could also inhibit the in vivo propagation of WSSV similar as FcALF8-LBD, the LBD of LvALF8 counterpart in F. chinensis. However, LvALF8-LBD and FcALF8-LBD exhibited apparently different antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, the main pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of affected shrimp. A structural analysis showed that the positive net charge and amphipathicity characteristics of LvALF8-LBD peptide were speculated as two important components for its enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to those of FcALF8-LBD. These new findings may not only provide some evidence to explain the distinct disease resistance among different shrimp species, but also lay out new research ground for the testing and development of LBD-originated antimicrobial peptides to control of shrimp diseases.